Politicians are a generally ignorant bunch who assume the American people are even more ignorant than they. And because they manage to get elected and re-elected, Scott Adams, the cartoonist, must be close to true when he said, “You can never underestimate the stupidity of the general public.” This is especially true in matters of war and peace. The Pols reduce complex issues to sound bites and yell, “Ban all Muslims!” and “Islam is a religion of peace!” Only the deluded or disinterested would believe either the Trumps or the Bush/Obama/Clintons of this world to be giving them a rational, well-examined explanation of the current state of world affairs.
Now, for the purposes of this essay, I am going to assume the statistic that 80% of all Muslims just want to get along and that only 4% (with 16% in their amen corner) are eager to kill or reduce to dhimmitude the non-believers as the guarantor of approval by their god is correct. So you can take comfort, if you are a secular or a Christian or a Jew or a Hindu, only 64 million Muslims out of a population of 1.6 billion what to either kill or convert you. (In America that figure would be only 160 thousand out of our Muslim population of 4 million.) These figures strike me as a bit on the high side, but then they probably include those young children who are being indoctrinated by their mothers and fathers to grow up to be jihadis as well as those who are too old to be much of a threat.
We’ve got to step back and take the long view if we’re to understand the who, what and why of the current Islamist threat to civilization as we know it. Modern Islamism can be traced back to the demise of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. The Ottomans, for all their weaknesses and failings, were the Kingdom of Islam on earth – they were, if you will, the Muslim version of the Holy Roman Empire (which was holy and roman in name only). The Ottomans provided a sense of place for Muslims throughout Asia and southern Europe. In them, Muslims had their proof of being “someone.”
Yes, I know I am simplifying history. Yes, there was a second caliphate that ruled the Iberian Peninsula 711 to the time of Columbus when the Spanish and Portuguese drove out their Muslim conquerors. And, yes, there were Muslim empires to the east in India and as far as Indonesia, but these are not central to our modern predicament.
Anyway, the Ottomans chose the losing side in WWI. They sided with the Germans in the hope of regaining their European territories, and with the defeat of the Axis came the death of their empiric hopes. The Ottoman Empire collapsed and was fractured into the pieces we now recognize at the Balkans, Turkey, Armenia, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, etc. And a number of those pieces were claimed and ruled under League of Nations mandates by the victorious European powers, namely France and Britain.
The caliphates, for all their excesses and failings, were believed by their subjects to be of divine authority. They traced their right to rule to the Koran or to Mohammed and the people accepted that to be legitimate authority. The end of the caliphate meant the end of legitimate rule and the authority of the occupying governments and their totalitarian successors was never recognized as being anything other than a “might makes right” type of rule that needed to be replaced with a new and legitimate caliphate.
By now you are asking, “What does any of this have to do with Zionism and the Jews; that being the first part of this essay’s title?” Well, I have been searching to find an analogy that fits the present situation with understanding the relationship between Islam and Islamism and the best one I can find is the birth and advancement of modern Zionism in all its expressions.
Identifiable minority groups within a population are always pitched upon the dilemma of assimilate or separate. Such was the state of the Jewish people in Europe in the late 19th century. In much of western Europe Jews were losing their identity as Jews. The had become, for the most part, secular, and found themselves marrying into the larger population and being accepted as members of the community. Yes, there was always an undercurrent of antisemitism as some within the broader population resented their social ascendency, a resentment that was always being fueled by exploitive politicians. And there were always those Jews who did not want to assimilate, who wanted to maintain their distinctive identity, and who maintained that distinctiveness by living in self-imposed ghettos, dressing in readily identifiable ways, wearing their hair and beards in certain styles, and naming their children in ways that would keep their identity clear to all.
The Jews living in eastern Europe did not have those options. The predominant ethnic groups would not allow the Jews to assimilate, and enforced their differentness by rule and regulation – along with occasional pogroms to keep them in their place.
So, to address the European situation for Jews in the late 19th century, the modern zionist movement was born. Zion is an alternate name for Jerusalem, and zionism is a “back to Jerusalem” movement. The leaders of zionism feared both the assimilation of secular Jews into the larger society (and the consequent loss of their Jewishness) and the persecution of Jews when they identified as such. They wanted to establish secular Jewish communities in the land of Palestine, their ancestral homeland, a Palestine that was then a part of the Ottoman Empire.
This tension between assimilation and exclusion intensified in the early 20th century and the Zionist voice became more strident in the Jewish community. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after the defeat of the Axis in WWI, the aforementioned mandates came into play. The British got Palestine and Egypt, and Palestine became the focal point of tensions between the occupiers, the residents, and the migrants. As the pace of Jewish immigration picked up after the war and after the British published a position paper acknowledging the right of return for the Jewish Diaspora to Palestine, the locals began to resent the prosperity and industry of the newcomers. The Jews were transforming a desert waste into an oasis and displacing the Arab population in the process.
The Arab rose up in armed revolt against the British and against the Jewish settlements in the later 1930s. The anti-semites were pounding the drum throughout Europe with major movements not only in Germany, but in Britain, France, Poland, and elsewhere across the continent. This anti-semitism brought pressure to emigrate from Europe, and the flood of immigrants into Palestine exacerbated the tensions there.
In response to the Arab uprising and the subsequent British restriction of Jewish immigration, the Jewish settlements formed self-defense units. The largest of these was the Haganah, the establishment armed force made up mostly of secular, western Europeans. The Haganah cooperated with the British in keeping the peace in Palestine, and even though British anti-semitism and interests kept them from fully embracing the Haganah, they did not see a need to suppress it.
Then came World War II and the wholesale slaughter of the Jews in Europe. This slaughter convinced many within the Zionist movement that it was not sufficient to have Jewish settlements in Palestine. What was needed was a Jewish State, Eretz Israel, a place for Jews to call home. Zionism had already birthed what we would call terrorist groups under the umbrella of self-defense. Principal among them were the Irgun (The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel) under Menachem Begin who later became Prime Minister of Israel, a group principly focused on the defense of the Jewish settlements against the Arabs, and Lehi (Fighters for the Freedom of Israel), commonly known as the Stern Gang, a leader of which, Yitzhak Shamir, became Prime Minister as well, which was fighting to overthrow the British mandate in Palestine and to establish a Jewish state. With the Holocaust and European (and American) Jew-hatred even after the war (the British kept the Jews of the concentration and extermination camps imprisoned even after the war in order to placate their Arab constituents). As the British turned away shiploads of Holocaust survivors from landing in Palestine and interning many of them in concentration camps in Malta (and as the United States restricted Jewish immigration), Irgun and Lehi began making war on the British in the Mandate. Given the power differential between the British and the Jewish self-defense forces, they resorted to unconventional warfare. They terrorized the British to encourage them to allow Jewish immigration into Palestine, to release their fellow Jews interned in Germany and elsewhere, and ultimately to decide holding onto Palestine was not worth the effort.
Irgun bombed British military headquarters in the King David Hotel, and Lehi assassinated the British Minister Resident in the Middle East, and both organizations hit the British military whenever they could identify a weak point. Finally, in 1948, the British agreed to withdraw (having heavily armed their Arab clients) leaving Palestine to its war between Arab and Jew. To the shock of the British and the Arabs, the Jews won and the Nation of Israel was established.
Now let’s draw the parallels. By no means were all Jews Zionists, in fact only a minority were and they were often actively resisted by the so-called mainstream of Judaism, but all Zionists were Jews. They felt they had a legitimate claim on a Jewish homeland, and given that the land of Israel was their ancestral bequeath, they felt they had the moral high ground in reestablishing the state of Israel in territorial Palestine. Not only did they think it right to have a homeland under Jewish rule, they believed it to be an imperative. Without a Jewish homeland, they stood in constant risk of future Holocausts.
It appears to me that the current Islamist thrust is strikingly similar. Not every Muslim is an Islamist, but every Islamist is a Muslim. The goal of Al Qaeda and ISIS (the Muslim equivalent of Irgun and Lehi) is the establishment of a legitimate Islamic caliphate in their historical homeland. And their terrorist acts, be they in New York on 9/11, Paris, San Bernardino, Boston, London, or wherever they can find a weakness and a public relations opportunity, are designed to convince those powers that are maintaining what the Islamists consider illegitimate governments in the Middle East that it is not worth their while to continue doing so. They are a threat to the West only in so far as the West finds it in its economic interest to impose its will on that region of the world.